If you repeat this on-off pattern fast enough with an LED for example, the result is as if the signal is a steady voltage between 0 and Vcc controlling the brightness of the LED. To get varying analog values, you change, or modulate, that pulse width. ![]() The duration of "on time" is called the pulse width. This on-off pattern can simulate voltages in between the full Vcc of the board (e.g., 5 V on UNO, 3.3 V on a MKR board) and off (0 Volts) by changing the portion of the time the signal spends on versus the time that the signal spends off. Digital control is used to create a square wave, a signal switched between on and off. Pulse Width Modulation, or PWM, is a technique for getting analog results with digital means. Arduino Board with an ATmega168 or ATmega328 chip.About Pulse Width Modulation techniques.This tutorial focuses on the Arduino Diecimila and Duemilanove models, which use the ATmega168 or ATmega328. ![]() This tutorial explains simple PWM techniques, as well as how to use the PWM registers directly for more control over the duty cycle and frequency. Pulse-width modulation (PWM) can be implemented on the Arduino in several ways.
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